{"site":"NYC Hazard Historian","built":"2026-08-14","events":906,"event_rows":2392,"coverage":{"first":1958,"last":2026},"declarations":18,"boroughs":{"BX":{"name":"Bronx","fips":"36005"},"BK":{"name":"Brooklyn","fips":"36047"},"MN":{"name":"Manhattan","fips":"36061"},"QN":{"name":"Queens","fips":"36081"},"SI":{"name":"Staten Island","fips":"36085"}},"borough_order":["BX","BK","MN","QN","SI"],"hazards":{"coastal-flooding":{"label":"Coastal flooding"},"flash-flooding":{"label":"Flash flooding"},"inland-flooding":{"label":"Inland flooding"},"heavy-rain":{"label":"Heavy rain"},"winter-storm":{"label":"Winter storm"},"heavy-snow":{"label":"Heavy snow"},"freezing-precipitation":{"label":"Freezing precipitation"},"extreme-cold":{"label":"Extreme cold"},"extreme-heat":{"label":"Extreme heat"},"high-winds":{"label":"High winds"},"thunderstorm":{"label":"Thunderstorm"},"tornado":{"label":"Tornado"},"tropical-cyclone":{"label":"Tropical cyclone"},"hail":{"label":"Hail"},"coastal-hazard":{"label":"Coastal hazard"},"drought":{"label":"Drought"},"fog":{"label":"Dense fog"},"wildfire":{"label":"Wildfire"}},"characteristics":{"temp_max":{"label":"Highest temperature","unit":"F","step":1,"source":"ghcn-daily","note":"Highest single daily maximum at any one station."},"temp_min":{"label":"Lowest temperature","unit":"F","step":1,"source":"ghcn-daily","note":"Lowest single daily minimum at any one station."},"rain_daily":{"label":"Rainfall, heaviest day","unit":"in","step":0.1,"source":"ghcn-daily","note":"Largest single station-day total in the window."},"rain_total":{"label":"Rainfall, event total","unit":"in","step":0.1,"source":"ghcn-daily","note":"Summed across the window at the wettest single station, never added across stations."},"snow_daily":{"label":"Snowfall, heaviest day","unit":"in","step":0.5,"source":"ghcn-daily","note":"Largest single station-day total in the window."},"snow_total":{"label":"Snowfall, event total","unit":"in","step":0.5,"source":"ghcn-daily","note":"Summed across the window at the snowiest single station, never added across stations."},"wind_2min":{"label":"Fastest two-minute wind","unit":"mph","step":5,"source":"ghcn-daily","note":"GHCN element WSF2, a two-minute mean. Not a gust: these stations do not report peak gust."},"surge_peak":{"label":"Peak storm surge, derived","unit":"ft","step":0.5,"source":"coops","note":"Observed water level minus predicted tide at The Battery. Derived here, not published."},"tide_peak":{"label":"Peak water level","unit":"ft MLLW","step":0.5,"source":"coops","note":"Highest observed reading at The Battery on the MLLW datum. Coastal events only."},"deaths":{"label":"Deaths, direct","unit":"","step":1,"source":"ncei-storm-events","note":"Weather Service count. Indirect deaths are counted separately and never added to this."},"injuries":{"label":"Injuries, direct","unit":"","step":1,"source":"ncei-storm-events","note":"Weather Service count for this event's records."},"damage_property":{"label":"Property damage, as published","unit":"$","step":1000,"source":"ncei-storm-events","note":"Weather Service estimate, summed over this event's records. Nominal dollars."},"fema_pa":{"label":"Public assistance to the declaration","unit":"$","step":1000,"source":"fema-pa","note":"Federal share obligated to the disaster declarations covering this event, for New York City counties. It belongs to the declaration, not to the storm."},"fema_ia":{"label":"Housing assistance to the declaration","unit":"$","step":1000,"source":"fema-ia-owners","note":"Individuals and Households Program approved to those declarations, owners and renters, New York City ZIP codes. Belongs to the declaration."},"nfip_paid":{"label":"Flood insurance paid","unit":"$","step":1000,"source":"fema-nfip","note":"Claims joined by date of loss inside the window, so they exist for undeclared events too."},"complaints_311":{"label":"311 complaints, no heat or hot water","unit":"","step":10,"source":"nyc-311","note":"Resident-reported requests in the window and the day after. Measures reporting as well as impact."},"complaints_flooding":{"label":"311 complaints, street and sewer flooding","unit":"","step":10,"source":"nyc-311","note":"Resident-reported requests in the window and the day after."},"complaints_trees":{"label":"311 complaints, tree emergencies","unit":"","step":10,"source":"nyc-311","note":"Resident-reported requests in the window and the day after."},"collisions":{"label":"Vehicle collisions","unit":"","step":10,"source":"nyc-collisions","note":"Police-reported collisions inside the event window, with no following day."}},"operators":{"gte":{"label":"at least","symbol":"\u2265"},"lte":{"label":"at most","symbol":"\u2264"},"btw":{"label":"between","symbol":"\u2013"}},"statuses":{"ok":"Reported","missing":"Not reported","na":"Not collected in this period","suppressed":"Withheld by the publisher","censored":"Published as a bound"},"sources":{"ncei-storm-events":{"publisher":"NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information","name":"Storm Events Database","url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/swdi/stormevents/csvfiles/","listing":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/swdi/stormevents/csvfiles/","licence":"US Government work, public domain","grain":"One row per event type, per place, per time window","coverage":"1950 to present. All event types only from 1996.","caveat":"Before 1996 only tornado, hail and wind were recorded, so counts before that year measure what was collected as much as what happened."},"hurdat2":{"publisher":"NOAA National Hurricane Center","name":"HURDAT2 Atlantic best track","url":"https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/hurdat/hurdat2-1851-2025-02272026.txt","licence":"US Government work, public domain","grain":"One row per storm per six-hour synoptic time","coverage":"1851 to 2025","caveat":"Best track is a post-season reanalysis, not live observation."},"ghcn-daily":{"publisher":"NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information","name":"Global Historical Climatology Network, daily","url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/global-historical-climatology-network-daily/access/","licence":"US Government work, public domain","grain":"One row per station per day","coverage":"Station dependent. Central Park from 1869.","caveat":"Daily summaries, not hourly. Rainfall rate and heat index cannot be derived from them and are not offered."},"coops":{"publisher":"NOAA Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services","name":"Tides and Currents water levels","url":"https://api.tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/api/prod/datagetter","licence":"US Government work, public domain","grain":"One reading per station per six minutes","coverage":"Station dependent. The Battery from 1920.","caveat":"Surge is observed water level minus predicted tide. It is derived by this project, not published as such."},"iem-radar":{"publisher":"Iowa State University, Iowa Environmental Mesonet","name":"NEXRAD composite reflectivity tile archive","url":"https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/","licence":"Open access, attribution requested","grain":"One raster tile per five-minute step","coverage":"N0R from the 1990s, N0Q from 2011","caveat":"A national composite, not a single-radar product. Tiles are read live from the archive rather than copied."},"fema-pa":{"publisher":"FEMA","name":"Public Assistance Funded Projects Details, v2","url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v2/PublicAssistanceFundedProjectsDetails","licence":"US Government work, public domain","grain":"One row per project worksheet","coverage":"1998 to present","caveat":"Obligations continue for years after an event, so a total is only true as at the snapshot date."},"fema-ia-owners":{"publisher":"FEMA","name":"Housing Assistance Program Data, Owners, v2","url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v2/HousingAssistanceOwners","licence":"US Government work, public domain","grain":"One row per disaster per ZIP code","coverage":"2002 to present","caveat":"Owners and renters are separate populations and are not summed."},"fema-ia-renters":{"publisher":"FEMA","name":"Housing Assistance Program Data, Renters, v2","url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v2/HousingAssistanceRenters","licence":"US Government work, public domain","grain":"One row per disaster per ZIP code","coverage":"2002 to present","caveat":"Owners and renters are separate populations and are not summed."},"fema-nfip":{"publisher":"FEMA","name":"NFIP Redacted Claims, v3","url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v3/NfipClaims","licence":"US Government work, public domain","grain":"One row per claim","coverage":"1978 to present","caveat":"Claims join to an event by date of loss, not by declaration, so they exist for undeclared events too. v2 is deprecated from 15 October 2026."},"fema-declarations":{"publisher":"FEMA","name":"Disaster Declarations Summaries, v2","url":"https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v2/DisasterDeclarationsSummaries","licence":"US Government work, public domain","grain":"One row per disaster per county","coverage":"1953 to present","caveat":""},"nyc-311":{"publisher":"NYC Open Data","name":"311 Service Requests","url":"https://data.cityofnewyork.us/","licence":"NYC Open Data terms","grain":"One row per service request","coverage":"2004 to present, across eight datasets","caveat":"Resident-reported, so it measures reporting as well as impact. Complaint vocabularies change across the dataset splits."},"nyc-collisions":{"publisher":"NYC Open Data, NYPD","name":"Motor Vehicle Collisions, Crashes","url":"https://data.cityofnewyork.us/resource/h9gi-nx95.json","licence":"NYC Open Data terms","grain":"One row per reported collision","coverage":"July 2012 to present","caveat":"Nothing before July 2012. That is not applicable, not zero."},"bls-cpi":{"publisher":"US Bureau of Labor Statistics","name":"CPI-U, New York-Newark-Jersey City, all items","url":"https://api.bls.gov/publicAPI/v2/timeseries/data/CUURS12ASA0","licence":"US Government work, public domain","grain":"One index value per month","coverage":"1953 to present","caveat":"A metropolitan index. Deflating New York losses by the national index would understate them."}},"radar":{"template":"https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/cache/tile.py/1.0.0/{layer}/{z}/{x}/{y}.png","products":[{"id":"N0Q","layer":"ridge::USCOMP-N0Q-{ts}","from":"2011-01-01","label":"Base reflectivity, 0.25 dBZ resolution"},{"id":"N0R","layer":"ridge::USCOMP-N0R-{ts}","from":"1995-01-01","label":"Base reflectivity, 5 dBZ resolution"}],"step_minutes":5,"max_frames":96,"attribution":"Radar imagery: Iowa Environmental Mesonet, Iowa State University"},"basemap":{"tiles":"https://{s}.basemaps.cartocdn.com/light_all/{z}/{x}/{y}{r}.png","attribution":"Basemap: CARTO, OpenStreetMap contributors","center":[-73.95,40.7],"zoom":9.2},"cpi":{"series":"CUURS12ASA0","base_year":2024,"annual":{"1962":30.925,"1961":30.458,"1960":30.192,"1959":29.65,"1958":29.208,"1957":28.358,"1956":27.483,"1955":27.083,"1954":27.208,"1953":27.042,"1972":45.45,"1971":43.533,"1970":41.15,"1969":38.308,"1968":36.075,"1967":34.583,"1966":33.708,"1965":32.608,"1964":32.092,"1963":31.6,"1982":95.333,"1981":90.125,"1980":82.05,"1979":73.725,"1978":67.85,"1977":64.167,"1976":60.992,"1975":57.608,"1974":53.542,"1973":48.342,"1992":150.025,"1991":144.8,"1990":138.542,"1989":130.558,"1988":123.683,"1987":117.95,"1986":112.275,"1985":108.708,"1984":104.833,"1983":99.833,"2002":191.9,"2001":187.133,"2000":182.483,"1999":176.983,"1998":173.608,"1997":170.817,"1996":166.925,"1995":162.158,"1994":158.183,"1993":154.508,"2012":252.588,"2011":247.718,"2010":240.864,"2009":236.825,"2008":235.782,"2007":226.94,"2006":220.742,"2005":212.708,"2004":204.767,"2003":197.792,"2022":310.141,"2021":292.303,"2020":282.92,"2019":278.164,"2018":273.641,"2017":268.52,"2016":263.365,"2015":260.558,"2014":260.23,"2013":256.833,"2024":334.209,"2023":321.998}},"complaint_families":{"no-heat":{"label":"No heat or hot water","types":["HEAT/HOT WATER","HEATING","HEAT"]},"flooding":{"label":"Street and sewer flooding","types":["Sewer","Water System","Flooding","Catch Basin Clogged/Flooding (Use Comments) (SC)"]},"trees":{"label":"Tree emergencies","types":["Damaged Tree","Dead Tree","Dead/Dying Tree","Overgrown Tree/Branches","Illegal Tree Damage","Forestry","New Tree Request"]}},"windows":{"nyc-311":{"pad_days":1,"label":"the event window and the following day"},"nyc-collisions":{"pad_days":0,"label":"the event window only"},"fema-nfip":{"pad_days":1,"label":"the event window and the following day, by date of loss"}},"stations":{"weather":{"USW00094728":{"name":"Central Park","borough":"MN","lat":40.7789,"lon":-73.9692},"USW00014732":{"name":"LaGuardia Airport","borough":"QN","lat":40.7794,"lon":-73.8803},"USW00094789":{"name":"John F. Kennedy Airport","borough":"QN","lat":40.6386,"lon":-73.7622},"USW00014734":{"name":"Newark Liberty Airport","borough":null,"lat":40.6825,"lon":-74.1694}},"tide":{"8518750":{"name":"The Battery","borough":"MN","lat":40.7006,"lon":-74.0142},"8516945":{"name":"Kings Point","borough":"QN","lat":40.8103,"lon":-73.7649},"8531680":{"name":"Sandy Hook","borough":null,"lat":40.4669,"lon":-74.0094}}},"validation":{"warnings":[["assistance","declaration 1083 is attached to 14 events. That is the source splitting one storm, not an error, but it is worth a look."]],"when":"2026-08-14T13:01:38"},"compare_max":4,"page_size":25}